Method of predicting a predisposition to qt prolongation

ABSTRACT

The present invention describes an association between genetic polymorphisms in the FAM13A1 (family with sequence similarity 13, member A1) gene and a predisposition to prolongation of the QT interval, and provides related methods for the prediction of such a predisposition, the administration of QT interval-prolonging compounds to individuals having such a predisposition, and determining whether a compound is capable of inducing QT prolongation.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. application Ser.No. 14/694,135, filed Apr. 23, 2015, which is a continuation ofthen-co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 13/263,075, filed Oct. 5,2011, which is a US National Stage application under 35 USC 371 ofPCT/US2010/029931, filed Apr. 5, 2010, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/167,138, filed Apr. 6, 2009, eachof which is incorporated by reference as though fully set forth herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Technical Field

The invention relates generally to a method of predicting anindividual's predisposition to QT prolongation, and more particularly,to a method of predicting such predisposition based on a sequence of theindividual's FAM13A1 (family with sequence similarity 13, member A1)gene.

2. Background

Prolongation of the electrocardiographic QT interval (the time betweenthe start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave) is referred to aslong QT syndrome (LQTS). LQTS may comprise a genetic component. In somepatients with LQTS, OT prolongation can be a chronic condition. In somepersons, LQTS may be induced by the administration of an activepharmaceutical ingredient that prolongs the QT interval. A number ofcompounds are believed to be capable of prolonging the QT interval.These include amiodarone, arsenic trioxide, bepridil, chloroquine,chlorpromazine, cisapride, clarithromycin, disopyramide, dofetilide,domperidone, droperidol, erythromycin, halofantrine, haloperidol,ibutilide, iloperidone, levomethadyl, mesoridazine, methadone,pentamidine, pimozide, procainamide, quinidine, sotalol, sparfloxacin,and thioridazine.

Other compounds are suspected of being capable of prolonging the QTinterval, although such prolongation has not been definitivelyestablished. These include alfuzosin, amantadine, azithromycin, chloralhydrate, clozapine, dolasetron, felbamate, flecainide, foscarnet,fosphenytoin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, granisetron, indapamide,isradipine, levofloxacin, lithium, moexipril, moxifloxacin, nicardipine,octreotide, ofloxacin, ondansetron, quetiapine, ranolazine, risperidone,roxithromycin, tacrolimus, tamoxifen, telithromycin, tizanidine,vardenafil, venlafaxine, voriconazole, and ziprasidone.

Individuals at risk of suffering LQTS are advised not to use still othercompounds, due to the possibility that they may prolong the QT interval.These include albuterol, amitriptyline, amoxapine, amphetamine,dextroamphetamine, atomoxetine, chloroquine, ciprofloxacin, citalopram,clomipramine, cocaine, desipramine, dexmethylphenidate, dobutamine,dopamine, doxepin, ephedrine, epinephrine, fenfluramine, fluconazole,fluoxetine, galantamine, imipramine, isoproterenol, itraconazole,ketoconazole, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, methylphenidate, mexiletine,midodrine, norepinephrine, nortriptyline, paroxetine, phentermine,phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, protriptyline, pseudoephedrine,ritodrine, salmeterol, sertraline, sibutramine, solifenacin,terbutaline, tolterodine, trimethoprim-sulfa, and trimipramine.

The FAM13A1 gene has been mapped by Cohen et al. to 4q22.1 anddetermined to contain 18 exons. Cohen et al., Cloning andcharacterization of FAM13A1-a gene near a milk protein QTL on BTA6:evidence for population-wide linkage disequilibrium in IsraeliHolsteins, Genomics 2004 August; 84(2):374-83 PubMed ID: 15234000. Cohenet al. cloned the first member of a novel gene family (FAM13) in bovine.This gene is neighboring an extracellular matrix (ECM) cluster. Thiscluster of genes containing sequence motifs essential forintegrin-receptor interactions is located on HSA4q21 and on BTA6, withinthe critical region of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) affecting milkprotein production. Genes within this cluster are involved in theformation of bone and lobuloalveolar structures in mammary gland and inkidney function.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention describes an association between geneticpolymorphisms in the FAM13A1 (family with sequence similarity 13, memberA1) gene and a predisposition to prolongation of the QT interval, andprovides related methods for the diagnosis of such predisposition andfor the administration of QT interval-prolonging compounds toindividuals having such a predisposition.

A first aspect of the invention provides a method of administering to anindividual a compound capable of prolonging the individual's QTinterval, the method comprising determining at least a portion of anindividual's FAM13A1 (family with sequence similarity 13, member A1)gene sequence; and in the case that a portion of the individual'sFAM13A1 sequence is associated with an increased risk of QTprolongation, administering to the individual a quantity of the compoundless than would be administered to an individual having a FAM13A1 genesequence not associated with an increased risk of QT prolongation, orelecting instead to treat the individual with a different compound notknown to be associated with QT prolongation.

A second aspect of the invention provides a method of determiningwhether or not an individual is predisposed to prolongation of the QTinterval, the method comprising: determining at least a portion of anindividual's FAM13A1 (family with sequence similarity 13, member A1)gene sequence.

A third aspect of the invention provides a method of administering acompound capable of prolonging a QT interval to an individual sufferingfrom long QT syndrome (LQTS), the method comprising: determining atleast a portion of an individual's FAM13A1 (family with sequencesimilarity 13, member A1) gene sequence; and administering to theindividual a quantity of the compound based on the individual's FAM13A1gene sequence.

A fourth aspect of the invention provides a method of administering toan individual a compound capable of prolonging the individual's QTinterval, the method comprising: characterizing an expression product ofan individual's FAM13A1 (family with sequence similarity 13, member A1)gene; and in the case that the characterized expression product isassociated with an increased risk of QT prolongation, administering tothe individual a quantity of the compound less than would beadministered to an individual having an expression product notassociated with an increased risk of QT prolongation. Expressionproducts of the FAM13A1 gene may include, for example, mRNA and proteinincluding any isoform of the mRNA and protein.

A fifth aspect of the invention provides a method of determining whetheran individual is predisposed to prolongation of the QT interval, themethod comprising: characterizing an expression product of anindividual's FAM13A1 (family with sequence similarity 13, member A1)gene.

A sixth aspect of the invention provides a method of administering acompound capable of prolonging a QT interval to an individual sufferingfrom long QT syndrome (LQTS), the method comprising: characterizing anexpression product of an individual's FAM13A1 (family with sequencesimilarity 13, member A1) gene; and administering to the individual aquantity of the compound based on the characterized expression product.

A seventh aspect of the invention provides a method of determiningwhether a compound is capable of prolonging QT interval in anindividual, the method comprising: measuring an expression product ofthe individual's FAM13A1 (family with sequence similarity 13, member A1)gene; administering to the individual a quantity of the compound;re-measuring the expression product of the individual's FAM13A1 gene;and determining whether the compound is capable of prolonging theindividual's QT interval based on a difference in the measurements ofthe expression product of the individual's FAM13A1 gene.

An eighth aspect of the invention provides a method of determiningwhether a compound is capable of prolonging a QT interval in anindividual, the method comprising: measuring a QT interval of each of aplurality of test organisms, the plurality including a first testorganism having a FAM13A1 (family with sequence similarity 13, memberA1) genotype associated with a predisposition for prolongation of QTinterval and a second organism having FAM13A1 genotype not associatedwith a predisposition for prolongation of QT interval; administering aquantity of the compound to each of the plurality of test organisms;remeasuring a QT interval of at least the first test organism; anddetermining that the compound is capable of prolonging a QT interval inan individual in the case that the remeasured QT interval is greaterthan the measured QT interval. Test organisms may include, for example,humans, animal models, and/or cell lines.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As indicated above, the invention provides a method of predicting anindividual's predisposition to QT prolongation based on the sequence ofthe individual's FAM13A1 (family with sequence similarity 13, member A1)gene.

At least one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the FAM13A1gene has been found to have a significant correlation to apredisposition to drug-induced QT prolongation. Table 1, below, showssuch SNPs and the genotypes associated with QT prolongation followingthe administration of iloperidone.

TABLE 1 FAM13A1 SNP Genotypes and QT Prolongation FollowingAdministration of Iloperidone Lowest Affymetrix QTc Allele Allele SNPNo. rs_number¹ Position² change P value³ A B SNP_A-4194821 rs292494189863220 AA 0.809963782 C T SNP_A-2093666 rs3017895 89868514 BB0.530500186 C T SNP_A-1977994 rs17014483 89886614 non-BB 0.128385989 C TSNP_A-2306584 rs7683339 89891505 AB 0.090492451 C T SNP_A-2162316rs6841084 89914508 AB 0.507117232 A T SNP_A-4296194 rs12507401 89915913non-AA 0.064868339 C G SNP_A-4283738 rs17014546 89916235 AA 0.018465115C T SNP_A-1943446 rs17014602 89950009 non-AA 0.257980315 C GSNP_A-2065917 rs4544678 89950302 AA 0.035706045 A G SNP_A-1808669rs7691186 89950932 AA 0.039030668 A G SNP_A-2067635 rs6814344 89952905BB 0.018558356 C T SNP_A-2251180 rs13131633 89958502 BB 0.022420846 A GSNP_A-1906173 rs3775378 89959101 non-BB 1.58682E−07 C T SNP_A-2200417rs2305934 89963265 BB 0.048871501 A G SNP_A-4243899 rs9991039 89984895AA 0.869452703 A T SNP_A-4290819 rs17014687 89985586 non-BB 0.010624243C T SNP_A-1870378 rs1379932 90019915 AA 0.310046334 C T SNP_A-2200089rs1458551 90031265 AA 0.437083654 C T SNP_A-4287986 rs2609265 90045989nonAB 0.05605724 C T SNP_A-4291320 rs2609264 90047103 nonAB 0.040104616C T SNP_A-2284008 rs2609261 90054508 BB 0.198209042 A G SNP_A-2152738rs1458553 90055014 nonAA 0.32632219 A G SNP_A-2190887 rs2609260 90055842nonAB 0.660268059 A G SNP_A-1824897 rs10008568 90073215 nonAB0.073628051 A G SNP_A-2094935 rs2464526 90098686 AA 0.148471845 A GSNP_A-4284617 rs2904259 90104737 AA 0.085423976 C T SNP_A-1830961rs2609266 90106817 AA 0.124904291 C T SNP_A-1977995 rs1921679 90109807AA 0.124831097 A G SNP_A-4264355 rs2178583 90110165 AA 0.275411131 A TSNP_A-1977996 rs2178584 90110221 BB 0.162876336 C T SNP_A-2032491rs10033484 90124495 AA 0.216398627 A G SNP_A-1832183 rs7697075 90127331AA 0.196280013 A G ¹Official SNP nomenclature according to NCBI db SNPversion 126, May 2006. ²Chromosomal position based on the NCBI Build36.1, March 2006. ³P value of genotype having highest QT values versusall other genotypes.

A genotype of TT at the rs3775378 locus was found to most accuratelypredict a predisposition to QT prolongation. This genotype is includedamongst all genotypes associated with a predisposition to QTprolongation. Therefore, individuals having a genotype of TT at thers3775378 locus may be considered predisposed to QT prolongationfollowing the administration of a compound capable of prolonging the QTinterval.

Since the QT interval changes with changes in heart rate, the QTinterval is often measured as a corrected QT (QTc) interval. Any numberof formulas may be employed to calculate the QTc, including, forexample, the Fridericia formula (QTcF), the Bazett formula (QTcB), andthe Rautaharju formula (QTp), among others. In the studies describedherein, QT was calculated using the Fridericia formula. However, thepresent invention includes the use of any such formula or method forcalculating a QTc or an uncorrected QT.

As noted above, a large number of compounds are known or suspected to becapable of inducing QT prolongation in some individuals, includingindividuals not suffering from LQTS. Such compounds may includecompounds of Formula (1):

wherein:

R is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxyl,carboxyl, lower hydroxyketone, lower alkanol, hydroxyl acetic acid,pyruvic acid, ethanediol, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, amino,lower mono or dialkylamino, nitro, lower alkyl thio, trifluoromethoxy,cyano, acylamino, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroacetyl, aminocarbonyl,monoaklylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, formyl,

alkyl is lower alkyl, branched or straight and saturated or unsaturated;

acyl is lower alkyl or lower alkyloxy bonded through a carbonyl;

aryl is phenyl or phenyl substituted with at least one group, R₅,wherein each R₅ is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy,hydroxy, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, lower monoalkylamino,lower dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, or trifluoromethoxy;

heteroaryl is a five- or six-membered aryl ring having at least oneheteroatom, Q₃, wherein each Q₃ is, independently, —O—, —S—, —N(H)—, or—C(H)═N—

W is CH₂ or CHR₈ or N—R₉;

R₁ is —H, lower alkyl, —OH, halo, lower alkoxy, trifluormethyl, nitro,or amino;R₂ is C₂-C₅ alkylene, alkenylene (cis or trans), or alkynylene,optionally substituted by at least one C₁-C₆ linear alkyl group, phenylgroup or

where Z₁ is lower alkyl, —OH, lower alkoxy, —CF₃, —NO₂, —NH₂, orhalogen;R₃ is lower alkyl or hydrogen;R₇ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, or acyl;R₈ is lower alkyl;R₉ is hydroxy, lower alkoxy, or —NHR₁₀;R₁₀ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, C₁-C₃ acyl, aryl,

X₁, X₂, and X₃ are, independently, —O—, —S—, ═N—, or —N(R₃)—, or X₁ andX₂ are not covalently bound to each other and are, independently, —OH,═O, —R₃, or ═NR₃;lower is 1-4 carbon atoms;m is 1, 2, or 3; andn is 1 or 2.

The compound may further include a compound of Formula (1), wherein:

R is —C(O)CH₂OH, —CH(OH)C(O)CH₂OH, —C(O)OH, CH(OH)CH₃, or C(O)CH₃;

R₁ is halo;

X₁ and X₂ are different and are ═O, —OH, ═N—, or —O—;

R₂ is C₂-C₄ alkylene or alkenylene;

R₃ is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl;

X₃ is —O—; and

R is Formula (1A):

In a further embodiment, the compound may be iloperidone, which is alsoreferred to as1-[4-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]ethanone,as shown in Formula 1B:

Iloperidone is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,364,866, 5,658,911, and6,140,345, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.Metabolites of iloperidone may also be capable of prolonging a QTinterval. Metabolites of Iloperidone, e.g.,1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]ethanol,as shown in Formula 10:

are described in International Patent Application Publication No.WO03020707, which is also incorporated herein by reference.

Other iloperidone metabolites include:1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-hydroxyphenyl]ethanone;1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]-2-hydroxyethanone;4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-hydroxy-α-methylbenzenemethanol;4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-α-methylbenzenemethanol;1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl]ethanone;and1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-2,5-dihydroxyphenyl]ethanone.See U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,866 and International Patent ApplicationPublication Nos. WO9309276 and WO9511680, which are incorporated hereinby reference.

Using the genotypes at the SNP loci above, it is possible, with a highdegree of certainty, to predict an individual's predisposition to QTprolongation. Table 2 below shows the results of a study of 174individuals, each of whom was genotyped at the rs3775378 locus and theirQT interval measured following the oral administration of 24 mg/dayB.I.D. of iloperidone for a period of two weeks.

TABLE 2 QT Prolongation and Presence or Absence of a Genotype for SNP_A-1906173, rs3775378 Associated with a Predisposition to QT ProlongationChange negative positive Threshold Low QT High QT Odds predicitvepredictive (msec) −test +test −test +test Ratio p value sensitivityspecificity value value QT > 5 63 0 101 9 0.9741 0.08 1.00 0.38 1.00QT > 15 105 1 59 8 14.24 0.0133 0.12 0.99 0.64 0.89

As can be seen in Table 2, an individual's FAM13A1 sequence at theSNP_A-1906173, rs3775378 locus is highly predictive of whether theindividual will experience QT prolongation following the administrationof iloperidone. For example, using the lowest threshold of a change inQTc interval (between baseline and the end of the second week) greaterthan 5 milliseconds (normal QTc intervals are between 0.30 and 0.44seconds for males and between 0.30 and 0.45 for females), 9 of thoseindividuals with the TT genotype (test is considered positive if thegenotype for SNP_A-1906173, rs3775378 is TT) experienced QT prolongationwhile no such individuals did not. The resulting sensitivity(probability that the individual will have a SNP genotype associatedwith a predisposition to QT prolongation, given that he/she experiencedQT prolongation) of 0.08, specificity (probability that the individualwill not have a SNP genotype associated with a predisposition to QTprolongation, given that he/she did not experience QT prolongation) of1.0, negative predictive value (probability that the individual will notexperience QT prolongation, given that he/she does not have a SNPgenotype associated with a predisposition to QT prolongation) of 0.38,and a positive predictive value (probability that the individual willexperience QT prolongation, given that he/she has a SNP genotypeassociated with a predisposition to QT prolongation) of 1.0, permit oneto predict with great accuracy that an individual possessing the TTgenotype is likely to experience QT prolongation.

The use of higher thresholds (i.e., QTs greater than 15 and 30milliseconds) yielded markedly increased negative predictive values(0.64 and 0.87, respectively). The associated decrease in positivepredictive values, from 1.0 for QTs greater than 5 milliseconds to 0.67for QTs greater than 30 milliseconds) suggests that additional factorsaffect more severe QT prolongation.

As the data in Table 2 show, an individual's FAM13A1 sequence at the SNPloci above may be used to predict whether an individual is predisposedto QT prolongation due to the administration of a compound capable ofprolonging the QT interval. That is, individuals having a genotype of TTat the rs3775378 locus may reliably be predicted to experience aprolonged QT interval (i.e., a change in QT interval of at least 5milliseconds) following the administration of a compound capable ofprolonging the QT interval. Similarly, individuals having a genotypeother than TT at the rs3775378 locus may reliably be predicted to notexperience severe QT prolongation (i.e., a change in QT interval ofgreater than 15 milliseconds) following the administration of a compoundcapable of prolonging the QT interval.

The ability to make such predictions may be used in deciding whether totreat an individual with a particular compound and/or in determining thedosage appropriate for the individual. For example, an individualpredicted to experience QT prolongation may be treated with analternative compound not known or suspected to cause QT prolongation ormay be administered a lower dose of a compound capable of causing QTprolongation than would be administered to an individual not predictedto experience QT prolongation.

The present invention also includes the administration of anothercompound useful in treating LQTS, in addition to one or more of thecompounds above. Compounds useful in treating LQTS and/or preventingcardiac events resulting from LQTS, include, for example, beta blockers,such as propranolol, nadolol, atenolol, metoprolol.

The present invention also includes the prediction of an individual'spredisposition for QT prolongation based on one or more of the SNP lociabove in combination with the individual's genotype or gene sequence atone or more additional genes or loci. For example, International PatentApplication Publication No. WO2006039663, incorporated herein byreference, describes a method of treating an individual with a compoundcapable of inducing QT prolongation based on the individual's CYP2D6genotype. Other genotypes and/or gene sequences may similarly be used incombination with the SNP loci above, including those associated withLQTS. It should also be understood that the present invention includesthe characterization of an expression product of the FAM13A1 gene ratherthan, or in addition to, the determination of one or more SNP genotypeswithin the FAM13A1 gene. For example, by determining a sequence of anmRNA strand transcribed from the FAM13A1 gene, it is possible todetermine the sequence of the FAM13A1 gene itself and, as describedabove, determine whether the FAM13A1 gene sequence is associated with apredisposition to QT prolongation.

Similarly, by properly characterizing a functional peptide or protein,including the FAM13A1 enzyme, translated from the mRNA strand above, itis possible to determine the sequence of the FAM13A1 gene itself and, asdescribed above, determine whether the FAM13A1 gene sequence isassociated with a predisposition to QT prolongation. In addition, thepresent invention includes determining whether a compound is capable ofprolonging a QT interval in an individual. This may be done, forexample, by measuring a change in QT interval in a test organism (e.g.,human, animal model, cell line) known to possess a FAM13A1 genotypeassociated with a predisposition to QT prolongation following theadministration of a quantity of compound under study.

Preferably, the compound is also administered to a test organism knownto possess a FAM13A1 genotype not associated with a predisposition to QTprolongation.

Thus, in addition to other illustrative embodiments, this invention canbe seen to comprise one or more of the following illustrativeembodiments:

-   1. A method of administering to an individual a compound capable of    prolonging the individual's QT interval, the method comprising:    -   determining at least a portion of an individual's FAM13A1        (family with sequence similarity 13, member A1) gene sequence;        and    -   in the case that a portion of the individual's FAM13A1 gene        sequence is associated with an increased risk of QT        prolongation, administering to the individual a quantity of the        compound less than would be administered to an individual having        a FAM13A1 gene sequence not associated with an increased risk of        QT prolongation.-   2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein determining includes    determining the individual's genotype at the rs3775378 locus.-   3. The method of embodiment 2, wherein the genotype associated with    an increased risk of QT prolongation is TT.-   4. The method of embodiment 1, further comprising:    -   determining the individual's CYP2D6 genotype.-   5. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound is selected from    a group consisting of: amiodarone, arsenic trioxide, bepridil,    chloroquine, chlorpromazine, cisapride, clarithromycin,    disopyramide, dofetilide, domperidone, droperidol, erythromycin,    halofantrine, haloperidol, ibutilide, iloperidone, levomethadyl,    mesoridazine, methadone, pentamidine, pimozide, procainamide,    quinidine, sotalol, sparfloxacin, thioridazine; alfuzosin,    amantadine, azithromycin, chloral hydrate, clozapine, dolasetron,    felbamate, flecainide, foscarnet, fosphenytoin, gatifloxacin,    gemifloxacin, granisetron, indapamide, isradipine, levofloxacin,    lithium, moexipril, moxifloxacin, nicardipine, octreotide,    ofloxacin, ondansetron, quetiapine, ranolazine, risperidone,    roxithromycin, tacrolimus, tamoxifen, telithromycin, tizanidine,    vardenafil, venlafaxine, voriconazole, ziprasidone; albuterol,    amitriptyline, amoxapine, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine,    atomoxetine, chloroquine, ciprofloxacin, citalopram, clomipramine,    cocaine, desipramine, dexmethylphenidate, dobutamine, dopamine,    doxepin, ephedrine, epinephrine, fenfluramine, fluconazole,    fluoxetine, galantamine, imipramine, isoproterenol, itraconazole,    ketoconazole, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, methylphenidate,    mexiletine, midodrine, norepinephrine, nortriptyline, paroxetine,    phentermine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, protriptyline,    pseudoephedrine, ritodrine, salmeterol, sertraline, sibutramine,    solifenacin, terbutaline, tolterodine, trimethoprim-sulfa,    trimipramine, and metabolites, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts,    and combinations thereof.-   6. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the compound has the formula:

-    wherein: R is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy,    hydroxyl, carboxyl, lower hydroxyketone, lower alkanol, hydroxyl    acetic acid, pyruvic acid, ethanediol, chlorine, fluorine, bromine,    iodine, amino, lower mono or dialkylamino, nitro, lower alkyl thio,    trifluoromethoxy, cyano, acylamino, trifluoromethyl,    trifluoroacetyl, aminocarbonyl, monoaklylaminocarbonyl,    dialkylaminocarbonyl, formyl,

-   -   alkyl is lower alkyl, branched or straight and saturated or        unsaturated;    -   acyl is lower alkyl or lower alkyloxy bonded through a carbonyl;    -   aryl is phenyl or phenyl substituted with at least one group,        R₅, wherein each R₅ is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl,        lower alkoxy, hydroxy, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine,        lower monoalkylamino, lower dialkylamino, nitro, cyano,        trifluoromethyl, or trifluoromethoxy;    -   heteroaryl is is a five- or six-membered aryl ring having at        least one heteroatom, Q₃, wherein each Q₃ is, independently,        —O—, —S—, —N(H)—, or —C(H)═N—    -   W is CH₂ or CHR₈ or N—R₉;

-   R₁ is —H, lower alkyl, —OH, halo, lower alkoxy, trifluormethyl,    nitro, or amino;

-   R₂ is C₂-C₅ alkylene, alkenylene (cis or trans), or alkynylene,    optionally substituted by at least one C₁-C₆ linear alkyl group,    phenyl group or

-   where Z₁ is lower alkyl, —OH, lower alkoxy, —CF₃, —NO₂, —NH₂, or    halogen;-   R₃ is lower alkyl or hydrogen;-   R₇ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, or acyl;-   R₈ is lower alkyl;-   R₉ is hydroxy, lower alkoxy, or —NHR₁₀;-   R₁₀ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, C₁-C₃ acyl, aryl,

-   X₁, X₂, and X₃ are, independently, —O—, —S—, ═N—, or —N(R₃)—, or X₁    and X₂ are not covalently bound to each other and are,    independently, —OH, ═O, —R₃, or ═NR₃; lower is 1-4 carbon atoms;-   m is 1, 2, or 3; and-   n is 1 or 2.-   7. The method of embodiment 6, wherein:    -   R is —C(O)CH₂OH, —CH(OH)C(O)CH₂OH, —C(O)OH, CH(OH)CH₃, or        C(O)CH₃;    -   R₁ is halo;    -   X₁ and X₂ are different and are ═O, —OH, ═N—, or —O—;    -   R₂ is C₂-C₄ alkylene or alkenylene;    -   R₃ is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl;    -   X₃ is —O—;    -   R is

-   8. The method of embodiment 7, wherein the compound of Formula 1 is    1-[4-3-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]ethanone,    as shown in Formula 1B:

-   9. The method of embodiment 7, wherein the compound of Formula 1 is    1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]ethanol,    as shown in Formula 1C:

-   10. A method of determining whether an individual is predisposed to    prolongation of the QT interval, the method comprising:    -   determining at least a portion of an individual's FAM13A1        (family with sequence similarity 13, member A1) gene sequence.-   11. The method of embodiment 10, further comprising:    -   in the case that a portion of the individual's FAM13A1 gene        sequence is associated with an increased risk of QT        prolongation, administering to the individual a compound not        known or suspected to cause QT prolongation.-   12. The method of embodiment 10, wherein determining includes    determining the individual's genotype at the rs3775378 locus.-   13. The method of embodiment 12, wherein the genotype associated    with an increased risk of QT prolongation is TT.-   14. The method of embodiment 10, further comprising: determining the    individual's CYP2D6 genotype.-   15. A method of administering a compound capable of prolonging a QT    interval to an individual suffering from long QT syndrome (LQTS),    the method comprising:    -   determining at least a portion of an individual's FAM13A1        (family with sequence similarity 13, member A1) gene sequence;        and    -   administering to the individual a quantity of the compound based        on the individual's FAM13A1 gene sequence.-   16. The method of embodiment 15, wherein determining includes    determining the individual's genotype at the rs3775378 locus.-   17. The method of embodiment 16, wherein the genotype associated    with an increased risk of QT prolongation is TT.-   18. The method of embodiment 15, further comprising:    -   determining the individual's CYP2D6 genotype.-   19. The method of embodiment 15, wherein the compound is selected    from a group consisting of: amiodarone, arsenic trioxide, bepridil,    chloroquine, chlorpromazine, cisapride, clarithromycin,    disopyramide, dofetilide, domperidone, droperidol, erythromycin,    halofantrine, haloperidol, ibutilide, iloperidone, levomethadyl,    mesoridazine, methadone, pentamidine, pimozide, procainamide,    quinidine, sotalol, sparfloxacin, thioridazine; alfuzosin,    amantadine, azithromycin, chloral hydrate, clozapine, dolasetron,    felbamate, flecainide, foscarnet, fosphenytoin, gatifloxacin,    gemifloxacin, granisetron, indapamide, isradipine, levofloxacin,    lithium, moexipril, moxifloxacin, nicardipine, octreotide,    ofloxacin, ondansetron, quetiapine, ranolazine, risperidone,    roxithromycin, tacrolimus, tamoxifen, telithromycin, tizanidine,    vardenafil, venlafaxine, voriconazole, ziprasidone; albuterol,    amitriptyline, amoxapine, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine,    atomoxetine, chloroquine, ciprofloxacin, citalopram, clomipramine,    cocaine, desipramine, dexmethylphenidate, dobutamine, dopamine,    doxepin, ephedrine, epinephrine, fenfluramine, fluconazole,    fluoxetine, galantamine, imipramine, isoproterenol, itraconazole,    ketoconazole, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, methylphenidate,    mexiletine, midodrine, norepinephrine, nortriptyline, paroxetine,    phentermine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, protriptyline,    pseudoephedrine, ritodrine, salmeterol, sertraline, sibutramine,    solifenacin, terbutaline, tolterodine, trimethoprim-sulfa,    trimipramine, and metabolites, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts,    and combinations thereof.-   20. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the compound has the    formula:

-   wherein:-   R is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxyl,    carboxyl, lower hydroxyketone, lower alkanol, hydroxyl acetic acid,    pyruvic acid, ethanediol, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine,    amino, lower mono or dialkylamino, nitro, lower alkyl thio,    trifluoromethoxy, cyano, acylamino, trifluoromethyl,    trifluoroacetyl, aminocarbonyl, monoaklylaminocarbonyl,    dialkylaminocarbonyl, formyl,

-   -   alkyl is lower alkyl, branched or straight and saturated or        unsaturated;    -   acyl is lower alkyl or lower alkyloxy bonded through a carbonyl;    -   aryl is phenyl or phenyl substituted with at least one group,        R₅, wherein each R₅ is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl,        lower alkoxy, hydroxy, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine,        lower monoalkylamino, lower dialkylamino, nitro, cyano,        trifluoromethyl, or trifluoromethoxy;    -   heteroaryl is a five- or six-membered aryl ring having at least        one heteroatom, Q₃, wherein each Q₃ is, independently, —O—, —S—,        —N(H)—, or —C(H)═N—    -   W is CH₂ or CHR₈ or N—R₉;

-   R₁ is —H, lower alkyl, —OH, halo, lower alkoxy, trifluormethyl,    nitro, or amino;

-   R₂ is C₂-C₅ alkylene, alkenylene (cis or trans), or alkynylene,    optionally substituted by at least one C₁-C₆ linear alkyl group,    phenyl group or

-   where Z₁ is lower alkyl, —OH, lower alkoxy, —CF₃, —NO₂, —NH₂, or    halogen;-   R₃ is lower alkyl or hydrogen;-   R₇ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, or acyl;-   R₈ is lower alkyl;-   R₉ is hydroxy, lower alkoxy, or —NHR₁₀;-   R₁₀ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, C₁-C₃ acyl, aryl,

-   X₁, X₂, and X₃ are, independently, —O—, —S—, ═N—, or —N(R₃)—, or X₁    and X₂ are not covalently bound to each other and are,    independently, —OH, ═O, —R₃, or ═NR₃; lower is 1-4 carbon atoms;-   m is 1, 2, or 3; and-   n is 1 or 2.-   21. The method of embodiment 20, wherein:    -   R is —C(O)CH₂OH, —CH(OH)C(O)CH₂OH, —C(O)OH, CH(OH)CH₃, or        C(O)CH₃;    -   R₁ is halo;    -   X₁ and X₂ are different and are ═O, —OH, ═N—, or —O—;    -   R₂ is C₂-C₄ alkylene or alkenylene;    -   R₃ is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl;    -   X₃ is —O—;    -   R is

-   22. The method of embodiment 21, wherein the compound of Formula 1    is    1-[4-3-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]ethanone,    as shown in Formula 1B:

-   23. The method of embodiment 21, wherein the compound of Formula 1    is    1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]ethanol,    as shown in Formula 1C:

-   24. A method of administering to an individual a compound capable of    prolonging the individual's QT interval, the method comprising:    -   characterizing an expression product of an individual's FAM13A1        (family with sequence similarity 13, member A1) gene; and    -   in the case that the characterized expression product is        associated with an increased risk of QT prolongation,        administering to the individual a quantity of the compound less        than would be administered to an individual having an expression        product not associated with an increased risk of QT        prolongation.-   25. The method of embodiment 24, wherein the expression product    includes at least one expression product selected from a group    consisting of: mRNA, a peptide, and a protein.-   26. A method of determining whether an individual is predisposed to    prolongation of the QT interval, the method comprising:    -   characterizing an expression product of an individual's FAM13A1        (family with sequence similarity 13, member A1) gene.-   27. The method of embodiment 26, wherein the expression product    includes at least one expression product selected from a group    consisting of: mRNA, a peptide, and a protein.-   28. A method of administering a compound capable of prolonging a QT    interval to an individual suffering from long QT syndrome (LQTS),    the method comprising:    -   characterizing an expression product of an individual's FAM13A1        (family with sequence similarity 13, member A1) gene; and    -   administering to the individual a quantity of the compound based        on the characterized expression product.-   29. The method of embodiment 28, wherein the expression product    includes at least one expression product selected from a group    consisting of: mRNA, a peptide, and a protein.-   30. A method of determining whether a compound is capable of    prolonging a QT interval in an individual, the method comprising:    -   measuring an expression product of the individual's FAM13A1        (family with sequence similarity 13, member A1) gene;    -   administering to the individual a quantity of the compound;    -   re-measuring the expression product of the individual's FAM13A1        gene; and    -   determining whether the compound is capable of prolonging the        individual's QT interval based on a difference in the        measurements of the expression product of the individual's        FAM13A1 gene.-   31. The method of embodiment 30, wherein the expression product    includes at least one expression product selected from a group    consisting of: mRNA, a peptide, and a protein.-   32. A method of determining whether a compound is capable of    prolonging a QT interval in an individual, the method comprising:    -   measuring a QT interval of each of a plurality of test        organisms, the plurality including a first test organism having        a FAM13A1 (family with sequence similarity 13, member A1)        genotype associated with a predisposition for prolongation of QT        interval and a second organism having a FAM13A1 genotype not        associated with a predisposition for prolongation of QT        interval;    -   administering a quantity of the compound to each of the        plurality of test organisms;    -   re-measuring a QT interval of at least the first test organism;        and    -   determining that the compound is capable of prolonging a QT        interval in an individual in the case that the re-measured QT        interval is greater than the measured QT interval.-   33. The method of embodiment 32, wherein each of the plurality of    test organisms is selected from a group consisting of: humans,    animals, and cell lines.

The foregoing description of various aspects of the invention has beenpresented for purposes of illustration and description. It is notintended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise formdisclosed, and obviously, many modifications and variations arepossible. Such modifications and variations that may be apparent to aperson skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scopeof the invention as defined by the accompanying claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of administering to an individual acompound capable of prolonging the individual's QT interval, the methodcomprising: determining at least a portion of an individual's FAM13A1(family with sequence similarity 13, member A1) gene sequence; and inthe case that a portion of the individual's FAM13A1 gene sequence isassociated with an increased risk of QT prolongation, administering tothe individual a quantity of the compound less than would beadministered to an individual having a FAM13A1 gene sequence notassociated with an increased risk of QT prolongation.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein determining includes determining the individual'sgenotype at the rs3775378 locus, wherein the genotype associated with anincreased risk of QT prolongation is TT.
 3. The method of claim 1,further comprising determining the individual's CYP2D6 genotype.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the compound is iloperidone, a metabolite ofiloperidone, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of iloperidone or ametabolite thereof.
 5. A method of determining whether an individual ispredisposed to prolongation of the QT interval, the method comprising:determining at least a portion of an individual's FAM13A1 (family withsequence similarity 13, member A1) gene sequence.
 6. The method of claim5, further comprising: in the case that a portion of the individual'sFAM13A1 gene sequence is associated with an increased risk of QTprolongation, administering to the individual a compound not known orsuspected to cause QT prolongation.
 7. The method of claim 5, whereindetermining includes determining the individual's genotype at thers3775378 locus, wherein the genotype associated with an increased riskof QT prolongation is TT.
 8. The method of claim 5, further comprising:determining the individual's CYP2D6 genotype.
 9. A method ofadministering a compound capable of prolonging a QT interval to anindividual suffering from long QT syndrome (LQTS), the methodcomprising: determining at least a portion of an individual's FAM13A1(family with sequence similarity 13, member A1) gene sequence; andadministering to the individual a quantity of the compound based on theindividual's FAM13A1 gene sequence.
 10. The method of claim 9, whereindetermining includes determining the individual's genotype at thers3775378 locus.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the genotypeassociated with an increased risk of QT prolongation is TT.
 12. Themethod of claim 9, further comprising: determining the individual'sCYP2D6 genotype.
 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the compound isiloperidone, a metabolite of iloperidone, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt of iloperidone or a metabolite thereof.